Industry and Development Vocabulary Practice Test

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• Define knowledge spillovers.
• What distinguishes Foreign Direct Investment from portfolio investment?
• Which term best describes the group of media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who direct the flow of news?
• Which term is defined as a logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and how its producing areas are interrelated?
• In the Human Development Index, the standard of living is proxied by which metric?
• GNI equals GDP plus what adjustment?
• Define Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and name a potential benefit and risk.
• What term describes places where two or more modes of transportation meet, such as air, road, rail, and water routes?
• Mercosur is a pact among Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay to establish a free trade area. Which of the following best describes it?
• Mercosur is best described as which of the following?
• NGOs are best described as which?
• What is the 'shadow price' or externalities value in cost-benefit analysis?
• What is foreign exchange rate risk and how can firms hedge it?
• Which location is defined as a place where transfers between transportation modes can occur?
• In infrastructure development, what does PPP stand for?
• Which statement best describes microfinance?
• A non-governmental, non-profit organization that runs aid programs and lobbies for people's rights around the world describes which term?
• A typical HDIA focus area includes:
• Which statement describes the benefits of supply chain mapping?
• Global value chains typically require upgrading in which area to stay competitive?
• What are zones established by many countries in the periphery that offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment?
• What is trade openness and how does it influence industrial development?
• What is the term for a location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another?
• What is a Public-Private Partnership and why are they used for development projects?
• Which program provides small loans to poor people, especially women, to encourage development of small businesses?
• Which statement best explains depreciation’s effect on profitability and taxation?
• What is a base year in economic indices?
• What is the primary aim of Just-In-Time manufacturing?
• HDIA stands for which of the following?
• Which term describes the legal economy that governments tax and monitor?
• What is the purpose of value-stream mapping in lean manufacturing?
• Which of the following is a recognized instrument of industrial policy?
• GDP measures the value of all final goods and services produced domestically in a country in a period. Which option accurately reflects GDP's geographic scope?
• What is the term for the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer?
• Economies of scale occur when which of the following is true?
• A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is best described as which?
• Define debt sustainability in macro development context.
• Which set correctly lists the components of the Human Development Index (HDI)?
• What is fiscal policy and how can it affect development outcomes?
• Which term denotes the power or effectiveness that emerges when combining two or more forces or elements?
• What is lean manufacturing and how does it reduce waste?
• Explain 'policy reform' in the context of development.
• What term describes economic activities deliberately organized around one or more high-growth industries?
• Define agglomeration economies and give an example in industry.
• What is the 'tech adoption lifecycle' in industry development?
• Which statement describes the circular economy concept and a practical example?
• In Foreign Direct Investment, what is the typical threshold that indicates control or significant influence?
• Which statement about the impact of climate risk on development planning is most accurate?
• Which phrase best describes a corporate strategy where a firm acquires its competitors to create a single, larger entity?
• Which model explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich nations?
• What does the acronym NAFTA stand for?
• What is the balance of payments and what are its main components?
• Which of the following is NOT typically associated with deindustrialization?
• Define Export Processing Zone (EPZ) and how it differs from a general SEZ.
• What measure assesses the extent of gender inequality in a country?
• Green industrial policy aims to prioritize environmental sustainability. Which of the following is a typical example?
• Which concept describes an industrial location theory stating that firms will substitute one factor of production for another to minimize costs and maximize net profit at a specific location, allowing for flexibility in choosing a site rather than just focusing on transportation costs?
• Which term describes costs that vary with the quantity of output produced?
• Which policy instrument is most directly used to influence inflation and the cost of borrowing?
• Which statement best describes the multiplier effect in development policy?
• Which statement about lead time is true?
• Which developmental framework describes economic modernization as a five-stage process beginning with traditional society?
• What is technology transfer in development?
• What is the term for the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer?
• What does just-in-time inventory aim to achieve in lean systems?
• How do foreign aid and development assistance differ conceptually?
• In production systems, what is a bottleneck and how does it affect throughput?
• Which term describes a world economic system characterized by a more flexible set of production practices in which goods are not mass-produced; production is accelerated and dispersed globally by multinational companies that shift production, outsourcing it around the world and bringing places closer together in time and space than would have been imaginable at the beginning of the twentieth century?
• What does the infrastructure gap refer to in developing economies?
• What term describes a chain of links connecting the many stages of production and distribution, resulting in a commodity traded on the world market?
• Which term is used for zones offering tax incentives to attract investment?
• Which agreement allows open trade between the US, Mexico, and Canada?
• What is meant by the value chain in industry?
• What is monetary policy and its potential impact on development?
• What is green finance and what are two common instruments?
• Which statement about Free Trade Agreements is accurate?
• What is opportunity cost?
• Which best describes a circular economy's contrast with a linear model?
• A global value chain includes activities such as design, manufacturing, and marketing across borders. Which statement about GVC is most accurate?
• Which measure includes the total value of goods and services produced within a country together with the balance of income and payments from or to other countries?
• Which term describes the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance?
• Which SDG-related consideration is commonly relevant to industry?
• Which term is NOT a component of the Human Development Index (HDI)?
• Which technologies are associated with Industry 4.0?
• Which term describes expenses that increase with the quantity of output produced?
• Which concept describes a model of economic development that argues disparities arise from historical power relations in the global economy, rather than natural differences in capability?
• Which index is widely used to compare development levels by combining life expectancy, education, and income?
• Which term describes service sectors that require a high level of specialized knowledge or skill, often associated with high-level management?
• Which policy measure is commonly used to support export-led growth?
• Which term describes shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed?
• Which term refers to the grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for shared infrastructure and labor resources?
• What is the purpose of a cost-benefit analysis in development projects?
• Which term denotes service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or skill, such as high-level management?
• What is a cluster in economic development theory?
• What term refers to loans from international financial institutions such as the World Bank or IMF to peripheral or semi-peripheral countries in exchange for reforms such as privatization and opening to foreign trade?
• Which policy framework favors privatization, deregulation, and integration into global markets?
• Walter Rostow developed this model - a liberal model that postulates that economic modernization occurs in five basic stages: Stage 1: Traditional Stage 2: Preconditions for takeoff Stage 3: Takeoff Stage 4: Drive to Maturity Stage 5: Age of Mass Consumption. What is this model called?
• What is industrial diversification and what are its benefits?
• Define return on investment (ROI) and its use in project appraisal.
• What does value addition mean in manufacturing?
• Which indicator, constructed by the United Nations, combines income, literacy, education, and life expectancy to measure development?
• Which statement best defines human capital?
• Which term refers to tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations to attract foreign investment?
• What does supply chain resilience entail and why is it critical post-disruptions?
• What is a key goal of Industry 4.0 technologies?
• Which statement best describes depreciation and its impact on financial statements?
• How do export-led growth and import-substitution industrialization differ?
• What is absorptive capacity and why matters for technology transfer?
• Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which economies of scale reduce average costs?
• Which term refers to the part of the economy concerned with research, gathering and dissemination of information, and administration, often considered a specialized subdivision of tertiary activities?
• Which term describes the power that results from the combination of two or more forces?
• How does price elasticity of demand influence tax incidence?
• Which term describes the part of the economy that provides market availability of commodities and connects consumers with service providers, including wholesale and retail trade and related services?
• Which theory predicts that firms cluster in a way to maximize market access, leading competitors to position near each other within a shared customer base?
• What is deindustrialization and its typical drivers?
• What does structural transformation refer to in development?
• Which statement about tariffs is true?
• What does supply chain resilience mean?
• Nearshoring is a strategy to accomplish what goal?
• Which of the following best describes absorptive capacity in the context of knowledge transfer?
• Why is human capital central to development, and how can it be enhanced?
• Which term refers to the total market value of all final goods and services produced in an economy in a year?
• HDI is composed of three components. Which set correctly lists them?
• What is a greenfield investment and how does it contrast with brownfield investment?
• What is debt service and how does it impact a country’s fiscal space?
• Capital deepening refers to which of the following?
• What is the multiplier effect in macroeconomics and why is it important for development policy?
• How are the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) relevant to industry and development vocabulary?
• What is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) used for?
• The Gini coefficient measures what?
• Program that provides small loans to poor people, especially women, to encourage development of small businesses describes which term?
• Define 'supply chain mapping' and its importance.
• Which term describes the portion of the economy that fulfills the exchange function, provides market availability of commodities, and brings together consumers and providers of services, including wholesale and retail trade, transport, and personal and professional services of all kinds?
• A primary policy instrument under green industrial policy is:
• Which statement about industrial diversification is most accurate?
• What is a tariff and how can it affect industrial development?
• Which process involves adopting another country's currency as one's own, effectively surrendering monetary sovereignty?
• Which term describes the part of the economy involved in processing raw materials and altering or combining materials to produce commodities of enhanced utility and value?
• Which economic indicator sums the value of goods and services produced within a country plus the net income from abroad?
• What is the term for a type of monopoly where a single company buys out all of its competition?
• Which statement accurately describes trade openness in the context of development?
• Which term denotes moving production to another country to exploit cheaper labor?
• Which term describes relocating production to a third party located outside of the country?
• Which term refers to mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly?
• Which statement best describes fiscal policy?
• The term given to zones in northern Mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the U.S. market. The low-wage workers in the primarily foreign-owned factories assemble imported components and/or raw materials and then export finished goods.
• What term describes the practice of a company controlling the full supply chain from raw materials to final distribution?
• What is depreciation in accounting and why is it important for capital-heavy industries?
• Which statement best defines CAPEX?
• Which statement best differentiates economies of scale and economies of scope?
• What is an offset in international procurement?
• Which approach minimizes inventory by delivering components just before they are needed?
• Which term describes the portion of the economy that is not taxed or monitored by the government?
• Which policy can help retain skilled workers and reduce brain drain?
• What is export-led growth and what policy measures support it?
• Which theory proposed by Immanuel Wallerstein describes core, periphery, and semi-periphery in the world economy?
• What is capacity utilization and why is it important for development planning?
• Transfers of money, goods, or services that are not reported to the government are part of which economy?
• Which policy best describes import-substitution industrialization (ISI)?
• Which activity level is defined as the part of the economy concerned with research, gathering and dissemination of information, and administration?
• Which strategy is NOT typically used to improve supply chain resilience?
• What is the term for the practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from raw materials to distribution?
• Which term describes an organization that advocates for people's rights and provides aid but is not part of a government?
• Which term describes a regional trade bloc in South America?
• Which statement best differentiates insourcing from outsourcing?
• A circular economy is best described as what?
• Which statement best defines modular manufacturing?
• Which action would directly help reduce energy intensity in industry?
• Which of the following is a positive externality in industry?
• Which concept explains why a country or producer should specialize in goods that can be produced at lower opportunity costs relative to others?
• Two typical instruments used by governments in industrial policy.
• Which stage follows Takeoff in Rostow's five-stage model?
• What does price elasticity of demand measure?
• What is the term for zones near the U.S. border with factories that assemble components for export to the United States?
• Which phenomenon describes how an initial injection of spending, such as a new factory, can lead to a magnified increase in regional economic growth through indirect jobs?
• How is Return on Investment (ROI) calculated and what does it indicate?
• Which statement best describes a geographic cluster in economic development?
• What are sustainable development goals (SDGs) and their relevance to industry?
• Which agreement allows open trade among the United States, Mexico, and Canada?
• In Rostow's modernization model, what is Stage 3 called?
• What does comparative advantage mean in international trade?
• Which concept describes the industrial deconcentration that occurs when congestion or technological changes drive firms away from crowded areas?
• Which term refers to an area designed for high technology with clusters of tech companies?
• What term refers to when a poorer country ties its currency to that of a wealthier country or adopts that currency as its own?
• Which model, developed by Alfred Weber, suggests location is determined by minimizing three expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration?
• Which term describes the process by which companies relocate industrial jobs to cheaper regions, leaving the original region to shift toward services and face unemployment?
• What is a Special Economic Zone and its purpose in development policy?
• Which concept describes the global distribution of production tasks across multiple locations to capitalize on diverse labor costs?
• Which set of policies emphasizes free markets, deregulation of financial markets, individualism, and reduced state welfare?
• Which theory is defined as a general term for a model of economic development that treats disparities among countries as the result of historically derived power relations within the global economic system?
• Distinguish between capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operating expenditure (OPEX).
• Which term refers to a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods?
• Just-In-Time (JIT) is a lean manufacturing principle. What is its primary benefit?
• Energy intensity is best described as:
• Which theory, associated with Harold Hotelling, suggests competitors locate adjacent to one another in the middle of the customer base to constrain each other's sales?
• What does elasticity of supply measure?
• Which term describes corporations drawing from labor around the globe for different components of production?
• What is the primary purpose of industrial policy?
• Carbon intensity is defined as what?
• Which agreement is known for promoting free trade among three North American countries?
• What is fiscal space in macroeconomic terms?
• Which statement best describes the difference between GDP and GNI?
• What does environmental sustainability mean for industry?
• What is the core idea of the Lewis two-sector model in development economics?
• In a value chain, which of the following best describes upstream activities?
• What does the learning curve in manufacturing productivity describe?
• Which statement best describes knowledge spillovers in practice?
• Outsourcing can lower costs but increases reliance on what?
• Which term means to use outside suppliers and manufacturers to produce goods and services?
• What are economies of scale and how do they influence average costs as output increases?
• Define labor productivity and give a simple formula.
• How is the HDI typically presented in development metrics?
• What is a Free Trade Agreement and how can it influence industrial development?
• Which statement correctly describes a key feature of export-led growth?
• What is industrial policy?
• How does scarcity drive trade-offs in development planning?
• What term describes a specific area within a country where tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are used to attract foreign investment?
• Brain drain refers to:
• Why are constant prices used in economic analysis?
• In production, what does throughput refer to, and how is it affected by a bottleneck?
• Which statement best describes the relevance of SDGs to industry?
• Which instrument is commonly used to fund environmental projects?
• Explain policy conditionality in development finance.
• What is depreciation and how does it relate to CAPEX?
• In a public-private partnership, why are risks shared between the public and private partners?
• Which area is planned for high technology where agglomeration among technological companies occurs?
• What is capacity building in development cooperation?
• What is gross capital formation and why is it a development indicator?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes CAPEX from OPEX and why reporting matters?
• Which concept describes economic activities deliberately organized around one or more high-growth industries?
• Lead time in manufacturing is best described as what?
• Which phenomenon explains how initial investment can trigger a larger overall increase in regional growth by stimulating additional jobs and income?
• What term describes the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that sustains colonial-style economies and monoculture?
• Why is climate risk relevant to industry and development planning?
• Which statement best describes marginal cost, marginal revenue, and the production rule for expansion?
• What is total factor productivity (TFP) and how does it differ from partial productivity measures?
• Differentiate quality control from quality assurance.